Knowledge in COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.QUICK REVISION.
HIS CLIP CONTAIN SHORT NOTES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM TOPIC . IN THIS ALL TOPICS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ARE ARRANGE PROPERLY,SO EASY FOR LEARNING. BEST FOR QUICK REVISION.SPECIALY FOR STUDENTS PREPARING FOR IIT JEE.AT LAST STAGE OF EXAMS STUDENTS CAN REVISE QUICKLY THROUGH THIS.THIS NOTES WERE MAKE DURING MY CLASS 11TH AND 12TH. I USED IT BEFORE EXAM TO REVISE ALL IMPORTANT FORMULE.IT WAS VERY HELPFULL FOR ME .SOME TIMES WE CAN'T READ ALL NOTES OF TOPICS .WE HAVE TO JUST OVERVIEW THE FORMULAS AND BASIC CONCEPT,WHICH CAN BE REVISE THROUGH THIS NOTES.
UMESH JAWARE
RADAR SYSTEM
Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of objects. It operates by transmitting a particular type of waveform, a pulse-modulated sine wave for example, and detects the nature of the echo signal. Radar is used to extend the capability of one's senses for observing the environment, especially the sense of vision. An elementary form of radar consists of a transmitting antenna emitting electromagnetic radiation generated by an oscillator of some sort, a receiving antenna, and an energy-detecting device, or receiver. A portion of the transmitted signal is intercepted by a reflecting object (target) and is reradiated in all directions. It is the energy reradiated in the back direction that is of prime interest to the radar. The receiving antenna collects the returned energy and delivers it to a receiver, where it is processed to detect the presence of the target and to extract its location and relative velocity. The distance to the target is determined by measuring the time taken for the radar signal to travel to the target and back. The direction, or angular position, of the target may be determined from the direction of arrival of the reflected wave- front. The usual method of measuring the direction of arrival is with narrow antenna beams. If relative motion exists between target and radar, the shift in the carrier frequency of the reflected wave (Doppler Effect) is a measure of the target's relative (radial) velocity and may be used to distinguish moving targets from stationary objects. In radars which continuously track the movement of a target, a continuous indication of the rate of change of target position is also available. 1.2 History Background James Clerk Maxwell (1831 –1879) - predicted the existence of radio waves in his theory of electromagnetism. In 1886, Hertz experimentally tested the theories of Maxwell and demonstrated the similarity between radio and light waves. Hertz showed that radio waves could be reflected itself. Heinrich Hertz, in 1886, experimentally tested the theories of Maxwell and demonstrated the similarity between radio and light waves. Hertz showed that radio waves could be reflected by metallic and dielectric bodies. Due to these reflections occurred through metallic bodie
Shantha Kumar . V
ANTENNA ENGINEERING
An antenna is defined by Webster’s Dictionary as “a usually metallic device (as a rod or wire) for radiating or receiving radio waves.” The IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas (IEEE Std 145–1983)∗ defines the antenna or aerial as “a means for radiating or receiving radio waves.” In other words the antenna is the transitional structure between free-space and a guiding device, as shown in Figure 1.1. The guiding device or transmission line may take the form of a coaxial line or a hollow pipe (waveguide), and it is used to transport electromagnetic energy from the transmitting source to the antenna, or from the antenna to the receiver. In the former case, we have a transmitting antenna and in the latter a receiving antenna. A transmission-line Thevenin equivalent of the antenna system of Figure 1.1 in the transmitting mode is shown in Figure 1.2 where the source is represented by an ideal generator, the transmission line is represented by a line with characteristic impedance Zc, and the antenna is represented by a load ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr ) + jXA] connected to the transmission line. The Thevenin and Norton circuit equivalents of the antenna are also shownin Figure 2.27. The load resistance RL is used to represent the conduction and dielectric losses associated with the antenna structure while Rr , referred to as the radiation resistance, is used to represent radiation by the antenna. The reactance XA is used to represent the imaginary part of the impedance associated with radiation by the antenna. This is discussed more in detail in Sections 2.13 and 2.14. Under ideal conditions, energy generated by the source should be totally transferred to the Radiation resistance Rr , which is used to represent radiation by the antenna. However, in a practical system there are conduction-dielectric losses due to the lossy nature of the transmission line and the antenna, as well as those due to reflections (mismatch) losses at the interface between the line and the antenna. Taking into account the internal impedance of the source and neglecting line and reflection (mismatch) losses, maximum power is delivered to the antenna under conjugate matching.
CS Unit-1 B-Tech (Computer Science) 4th semester
These are the notes of the subject: Communication System(Cs) in B-tech (Computer science) 4th Semester. These are the handwritten notes of unit-1. These are easy to understand and include all the topics covered by unit-1. They are prepared very carefully and are very clear, and will help you to achieve good marks in the exams.
Saahil
CS Unit- 3&4 B-Tech(CSE) 4th semester IP University
These are the notes of the subject: Communication System(CS) in B-tech (Computer science) 4th Semester. These are the handwritten notes of unit-3 and unit-4, These are easy to understand and includes all the topics covered in unit-3 and unit 4. They are prepared very carefully and are very clear, and will help you to achieve good marks in the exams.
CS Unit-4 Btech (Cse) IP University
These are the notes of the subject: Communication System(CS) in B-tech (Computer science) 4th Semester. These are the handwritten notes of unit-4, These are easy to understand and includes all the topics covered in unit 4. They are prepared very carefully and are very clear, and will help you to achieve good marks in the exams.
Akash Sessionals CS B-tech(CSE) 4th Semester
This is the Akash book for the subject: DBMS for the sessional exam (2017-18). These contain the questions that are asked in the sessional exams. Study the questions well and verify your answers. Questions are repeated in exams so study them well. This will help you score well in exams.
Akash CS End-Term(2017-18) B-Tech(CSE) 4th Semester IP University
This is the Akash book for the subject: Communication System (CS) for the end-term exam (2017-2018). These contain the questions that are asked in the end-term exams. Study the questions well and verify your answers. Questions are repeated in exams so study them well. This will help you score well in exams. Also, study these for the sessionals as the questions are repeated.
CS Unit-4(Noise Theory) B-Tech (Cse) IP University
These are the notes of the subject: Communication System(CS) in B-tech (Computer science) 4th Semester. These are the handwritten notes of topic Noise theory in unit-4, These are easy to understand and includes all the contents covered in Noise Theory of unit 4. They are prepared very carefully and are very clear, and will help you to achieve good marks in the exams.
CS Unit-2 Probablity B-Tech (Cse) IP University
These are the notes of the subject: Communication System(CS) in B-tech (Computer science) 4th Semester. These are the handwritten notes of topics in unit-4, These are easy to understand and includes all the contents covered in unit 2. They are prepared very carefully and are very clear, and will help you to achieve good marks in the exams.
B-Tech(Communication system) 4th semester IP University
These are the notes of the subject: Communication System(CS) in B-tech (Computer science) 4th Semester. These are the handwritten notes ., These are easy to understand and include all the contents covered. They are prepared very carefully and are very clear, and will help you to achieve good marks in the exams.